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The Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge ( abbreviated as the CMR NWF) is a National Wildlife Refuge located in the U.S. state of Montana in the United States. The refuge surrounds Fort Peck Reservoir and is in size.〔U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. 25.〕 It is the second-largest National Wildlife Refuge in the lower 48 states of the United States,〔Jones and Cushman, p. 213.〕 and the largest in Montana.〔 Created in 1936,〔McRae and Jewell, p. 336.〕 it was originally called the Fort Peck Game Range.〔Robbins, p. 266.〕 It was renamed in 1963 after Montana artist Charles M. Russell, a famous painter of the American West.〔 In 1976, the "range" was made a "refuge" (which legally changed the way the area was managed).〔("U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Releases the Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan for Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge." Press release. Mountain-Prairie Region, National Wildlife Refuge System. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. September 7, 2010. ) Accessed 2012-04-27.〕 ==Establishing the refuge== The establishment of the Russell National Wildlife Refuge is closely tied to the construction of Fort Peck Dam. The lower Missouri River had long been used for commerce, but commercial ships largely stopped using the upper portion of the river after the railroads pushed west in the 1880s. Extensive flooding in the lower part of the river in 1903 and a push for development of the upper portion by the states of South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana in the 1920s led the federal government to consider building large dams on the Missouri. The dams would not only generate electricity for use by railroads and industry, but they would aid in flood prevention and create large reservoirs which could be used for commercial traffic. With the onset of the Great Depression in October 1929, unemployment became a severe problem in Montana. The Franklin D. Roosevelt administration saw dam building as a way of providing unemployment relief.〔Billington and Jackson, p. 202-207.〕 On December 12, 1933, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6491, which turned federal land over to the United States Army Corps of Engineers for the construction of the Fort Peck Dam. Additional lands were turned over to the Corps on May 8, 1934 (Executive Order 6707), September 11, 1934 (Executive Order 6841), and April 3, 1936 (Executive Order 7331).〔U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. 20.〕 In 1929, President Herbert Hoover signed into law the Migratory Bird Conservation Act, which authorized the federal government to purchase or lease land for the establishment of waterfowl refuges. In 1934, President Roosevelt signed into law the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which generated revenue for purchase of waterfowl refuge lands by requiring bird hunters using federal land to purchase a "duck stamp" (essentially a permit allowing them to hunt fowl).〔Willis and Scalet, p. 350.〕 In 1935, the Roosevelt administration began to consider whether a "Fort Peck Migratory Bird Refuge" should be established around the soon-to-be-filled Fort Peck Reservoir. Noted wildlife biologist Olaus Murie was sent to the area to document the soils, topography, vegetation, and wildlife in the area. Murie's comprehensive report proved critical in convincing the Roosevelt administration that the area around Fort Peck Reservoir should be a wildlife refuge, not merely for birds.〔U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. 20, 25.〕 On December 11, 1936, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7509, establishing the Fort Peck Game Range. Jurisdiction over the range was transferred from the Army Corps of Engineers to the Bureau of Biological Survey (the precursor to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service).〔 The primary purpose of the range was the preservation of wildlife,〔〔Rice, Larry. "Pieces of Eden." ''Backpacker.'' June 1992, p. 32.〕 although grazing by domestic livestock was permitted.〔 Over the intervening years, the protected area expanded several times and its name and purpose were changed. On April 13, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9132 which turned over even more Corps-administered land to the game refuge. On February 25, 1963, President John F. Kennedy issued Public Land Order 2951, changing the name of the range to the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Range.〔〔A "Public Land Order" or PLO is an executive order of the President of the United States or the Secretary of the Department of the Interior to make, modify, extend, or revoke land withdrawals. A land withdrawal removes land from the jurisdiction of the general land use laws enacted by the United States Congress, and turns them over to some other public purpose. Land withdrawals generally prevent public land from being settled or sold, or limit the kind of activities which may occur on it. Withdrawals may also transfer federally owned land from one federal agency to another.〕 On March 25, 1969, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Public Land Order 4588, which established the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge. This order dissolved Executive Order 7509, and re-established the Russell National Game Refuge under the authority of the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. The exploitation of the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge for oil, natural gas, coal, and other minerals was prohibited on May 15, 1970, by Public Land Order 4826.〔 The 1970s brought additional changes to the protected area. Both the Russell Game Refuge and the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge were transferred on April 25, 1975, to the Bureau of Land Management by Public Land Order 5498. A year later, Congress amended the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act to designate the Missouri River and its banks within Russell National Wildlife Range as part of the Upper Missouri River National Wild and Scenic River system. On October 19, 1976, Congress established the UL Bend Wilderness as a wilderness area within the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge. Over time, the wilderness area would expand to . Finally, on April 25, 1978, the United States Secretary of the Interior issued Public Land Order 5635. This order revoked Public Land Order 5498, changed the name of the protected area to the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, and turned the area over to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for management.〔 Two important changes were made to the refuge in the 1990s. On September 28, 1993, the Secretary of the Interior issued Public Land Order 6997, which prohibited all mineral exploration within the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge for 20 years. On December 28 of that same year, the General Services Administration transferred of of land from the Army Corps of Engineers to the wildlife refuge.〔 As of September 2010, the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge contained of land. of land within the refuge were withdrawn from settlement, mineral exploration, grazing, and other uses under federal government's general public land laws. of the refuge's are under the sole jurisdiction of the Fish and Wildlife Service. The Army Corps of Engineers has primary jurisdiction on of land, with the FWS having secondary jurisdiction there. A patchwork of federal agencies retains primary jurisdiction on another of land within the refuge, with the FWS retaining secondary jurisdiction.〔 There are another of state land and of private land within the refuge, with the state land managed by the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation in cooperation with FWS.〔U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. 26.〕 The Russell National Wildlife Refuge and the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge are managed as a single unit by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.〔U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. xvi.〕 Large areas of both refuges are legally designated as wilderness. The UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge contains the UL Bend Wilderness. Another 15 wilderness study areas totalling are contained within the Russell National Wildlife Refuge.〔U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. xvi, xx.〕 These wilderness study areas are being managed as if they were wilderness while Congress considers them for formal designation as wilderness.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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